APWH

Thursday we will finish our work on the FRQ. Please remember that if you are on the field trip you will need to submit your essay on Friday. You can certainly email me with questions.

Here is important information regarding 'snapshots"

AP World History
Mrs. Kavet

Time Period Snapshots and Key Concepts

This summary is NOT complete, but is meant to give you some key events, leaders or turning points in each major time period.  You do not need to memorize exact dates, but need to be able to place events on a timeline relative to each other and identify how things change over time. 

8000 BCE to 600 CE

• Starting Point 8000 BCE:
• Neolithic Revolution
• River Valley Civilizations  and Bronze Age Cultures (3500-500 BCE)
• Mesopotamia (Sumerians, Babylonian etc)  3000-BCE
• Egypt – Early Period and Old, Middle, New Kingdoms  3100- 1070
• Indus Valley Civilization (India) 2600-1900
• Shang Dynasty and Zhou Dynasties in China 1750-221 BCE
• Minoan and Mycenaean cultures (Mediterranean) 2000-1450 BCE
• Ancient Empires 1000 BCE – 400 CE
• Kingdom of Israel 1250-920 BCE
• Assyrians 700s BCE
• Chaldeans (New Babylonians) 500s BCE
• Phoenician trading empire (Carthage 900-300s BCE)
• Olmec Civilization (Americas) 1200-400 BCE
• Greece and the Hellenistic Kingdom 800 BCE – 30 BCE
• Persian Empire 1000 BCE – 300s BCE
• Roman Republic 507 BCE – end (88-31 BCE)
• Roman Empire (in Rome) 31 BCE – 324 BCE (When Constantine moves capital to Constantinople)  *be sure to understand reasons for decline (last Western Roman emperor deposed in 476)
• Byzantine Empire – Constantine 325, Justinian 527-565 (empire conquered by Muslims by 650)
• Qin China (unification) 480-221 BCE
• Han China and the use of Confucianism 206 BCE – 220 CE
• Mauryan Empire and the spread of Buddhism (India) 1500 BCE – 184 BCE
• Gupta Empire (India)  320 CE – 550 CE
• Mayan Empire (Mexico 250-900
• Hopewell culture 100-400
• Moche in Peru 200-700, Tiwanaku and Wari 500-1000 (also included below as they span time periods.

• Some important concepts
• Key stages in metal use:  (bronze and iron, etc.)
• Civilizations and urbanization
• Be able to compare social and political structures of two of: Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus Valley, Shang Dynasty, Mesoamerica, Andean South America
• Geography and climate and their role in the development of societies
• Major population changes from human and environmental factors
• Belief systems: Polytheism, Judaism, Daoism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and be able to compare them with regard to social hierarchy, role of women, etc.
• Issues in using “civilization” as an organizing principle in world history.
• Whether diffusion or independent change are more common sources of change.
• Characteristics of nomadic vs. agricultural societies
• Impact of agriculture on the environment
• Features of early civilization (and be able to compare a few)
• Major political developments of classical civilizations (Mediterranean, India, China)
• Social and gender structures
• Collapse of Han, loss of western Roman Empire, Gupta and understand why the collapse in the collapse of the western Roman empire was more severe than the eastern Mediterranean or China.
• Movements of peoples (Bantus, Huns, Germanic tribes, Polynesians)
• Interregional networks by 600 CE – trade and spread of religions
• Compare the caste system to other systems of social inequality including slavery.

600 CE – 1450 CE

• Trade Networks 300 BCE – 1100 CE
• Silk Road Trade late centuries BCE, early centuries CE
• Traders of Central Asia (Kushan kingdom – trade entrepots)
• Indian Ocean Trade – early centuries CE
• Bantu migrations 500 BCE – 1000 CE
• Saharan trade – early centuries CE
• Kingdom of Ghana 600s CE
• Rise of Islam
• Sasanid Empire
• Muhammad 570-632 CE
• Umayyad Caliphate 661-750
• Abbasid Caliphate 750-945
• Seljuk Turks 1055
• Crusades start 1099
• Mamluks 1250
• Medieval Europe 300-1000
• Growth of Catholicism – Constantine 325
• Muslim conquest of Spain 711
• Charlemagne 800
• Schism in the Church 1054 (Latin and Orthodox Churches separate)
• Mongol invasion of Russia 1237
• Germanic Tribes and DARK AGES
• Normans invade England and unify it 1066
• First Crusade 1095
• Kievan Russia 980 – 1200s (when invaded by Mongols)
• Central and Eastern Asia
• Turkic, Tibetan, Uigur Empires in Central Asia 550-750
• Sui China 581-618
• Tang China 618 – 907
• Song China 960 and Southern Song 1127-1279
• Koryo
• Liao and Jin
• Kamakura Shogunate in Japan 1185
• Americas
• Teotihuacan 100
• Maya 250
• Aztec 1325 – 1500s
• Hopewell 100-400
• Anasazi 700-1200
• Mississippian 500s – 1500
• Moche 200-700
• Tiwanaku and Wari 500-1000
• Chimu 1200
• Inca 1430s to 1500s
• Mongols and their influence
• Genghis Khan 1206
• Mongol rule in Central Asia 1206 – 1370
• Timur rule in Central Asia 1370-1405
• Mongol/Il-Khan rule in Middle East 1221-1349
• Mongols in Russia 1221 until Ivan III unites Russia and defeats Mongols 1480
• Khubilai Khan becomes Great Khan 1265
• Yuan conquer northern China, Southern Song, Annam and get to Java 1234-1293
• Ming Empire founded 1368
• Voyages of Zheng He (China) 1405-1433
• Mongols conquer Koryo in Korea 1258
• Mongols attack Japan 1274+1281
•  End of Kamakura and beginning of Ashikaga Shogunate in Japan 1333
• Yi kingdom in Korea 1392
• Tropical Africa and Asia
• Mali founded in Africa 1230s
• Mansa Musa 1320s
• Great Zimbabwe 1400s
• Delhi Sultanate 1206-1398
• Port of Malacca’s importance 1500
• The Latin West
• Dark Ages approx 500-1000
• 1100s to 1315 population growth – three field system etc. 
• Great Famine 1315-1317 and Black Death reduce population (be sure to understand results of Black Death)
• Rise of trade fairs and cities 1200s
• Hundred Years War mid 1300s – mid 1400s
• Ferdinand and Isabella and the reconquest late 1400s
• Renaissance artists 1300s – 1400s (ex. Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1505)
• Be sure to understand changes in economic and social life in Europe in this time period. 
• Maritime Revolution
• Polynesian migration and settlements of Pacific 400-1300
• Vikings 700s – 1200
• Portugal (Henry the Navigator ( 1418-1460)
• Columbus 1492 (Columbian Exchange Begins!)
• Cortex and Pizarro 1520-1530s
• Zheng He 1405-1433
• Portugal in India and on east coast of Africa, Malacca etc. -  early 1500s
• Understand why Portugal came to dominate the Indian Ocean while China did not.
• Understand reasons for expansion and reasons for the relative ease of conquest in the Americas.

Some important concepts:

• Emergence of new empires and political systems.
• Continuities or breaks with the previous time period (ex. effects of Mongols on international contact and specific societies).
• Islam:
• Role of Dar al-Islam as a unifying cultural and economic force
• Political structure of the Islamic world (caliphate)
• Art science and technology of Islam
• Interregional trade networks and contact
• Development and shifts in interregional trade, technology and cultural exchange
• Trans-Sahara trade
• Indian Ocean trade
• Silk Road
• Missionary outreach of major religions
• Contacts between major religions (Islam with Buddhism and Islam with Christianity)
• Impact of the Mongols
• China’s internal and external expansion
• Importance of Tang and Song economic revolutions and initiatives of early Ming
• Chinese influence on surrounding areas and limits
• Art, science and technology
• Developments in Europe
• Restructuring of European economic, social, political institutions
• Divisions of Christendom into eastern and western
• Social, cultural, economic and political patterns in Amerindian world
• Maya, Aztec, Inca
• Demographic and environmental changes
• Nomadic migrations of Afro-Eurasians and the Americas (Aztec, Mongol, Turks, Vikings, Arabs)
• Consequences of plague pandemics in the 14^th century
• Growth and role of cities (expansion of urban commercial centers in Song China and Aztec Empire)
• Issues involved in using cultural areas rather than states in analysis
• Sources of change: nomadic migration vs. urban growth.
• Discussion of weather a world economic network existed in this time period.
• Common patterns in opportunities and constraints on elite women in this time period.
• Japanese feudalism vs. European feudalism
• Developments in political and social institutions in eastern and western Europe
• Role and function of cities in major societies
• Gender systems and changes (ex. impact of Islam)
• Comparing Aztec and Inca
• Comparing European and sub-Saharan African contacts with the Islamic world

1450 – 1750

• Europe
• Spain’s dominance 1500s
• Protestant Reformation begins 1519, followed by Catholic Reformation 1545
• Scientific Revolution begins 1540s
• Dutch success and wealth in overseas trade at its height 1600s
• Wars of Religion 1500s
• Centralization of power in England and France 1500s to 1700s  (understand absolutism vs. constitutionalism)
• Thirty Years War 1618-1648
• English Civil War ends 1648 and Glorious Revolution 1688
• Empire and conquest of Louis XIV 1667-1697
• Great Northern War shows success of Peter the Great’s modernization 1700-1721
• idea of Balance of Power in Europe – rise of the great powers by 1700s:  Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia, France
• Americas
• Columbian Exchange!!! – begins with Columbus (AKA 1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue...)
• Silver trade (starts 1500s) – know its impacts on global economies
• Amerindian slavery 1540-1600
• Importance of sugar 1540
• African slave trade dominates in South America by 1620
• British North America Colonies founded in 1600s
• French and Indian War 1756-1763
• Canada explored 1500s, Quebec founded 1608, English take Canada 1760
• Africa and the Atlantic system
• 1500-1700 gold trade dominates
• 1700 slave trade replaces gold as primary export
• Understand the role of slavery in the Americas
• Great Circuit and the Middle Passage
• Southwest Asia’s Land Empires
• Ottoman Empire founded around 1300 reaches height in 1500s and begins to decline by 1700s
• Safavid 1502-1722
• Mughals 1525 until British and Iranians take territory by late 17^th century (good to understand Mughal India to see change over time with British Raj)
• Indian Ocean
• 1511 Portuguese seize Malacca and hold it until it is taken by Dutch in 1641
• East India Company 1600 (British)
• Dutch East India Company 1602
• Expansion of Dutch, French, English power in India 1700s
• Russia
• Ivan IV tsar (Ivan the Terrible)
• Romanov Dynasty begins 1613
• Peter the Great 1689-1725 (importance of his reforms)
• China and Central Asia
• Qing take Beijing 1644 – Emperor Kangxi rules 1662-1722
• Qing take Mongolia and Turkistan 1691-1755
• Treaty with Russia (Nerchinsk) 1689
• Japan invades Korea 1582
• Tokugawa Shogunate begins 1600
• Closing of Japan 1649

• Some Key Ideas:
• Continuities and breaks with the previous time period
• Changes in trade, technology and global interactions (Columbian Exchange, guns, shipbuilding, navigation)
• Major empires and other political and social systems
• Ottoman, China, Portugal, Spain, Russia, France, England, Tokugawa, Mughal, characteristics of African empires in general
• Gender and empire – role of women at home and in politics
• Slave systems and slave trade (as well as other labor systems)
• Demographic and environmental changes: diseases, animals, new crops, comparative population trends
• Cultural and intellectual developments
• Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment
• Comparative global causes and impacts of cultural change (ex. African contributions to cultures in the Americas)
• Changes and continuities in Confucianism
• Developments and exchange in art
• Debate over timing and extent of European dominance over the world economy
• Comparing the world economic system of this time period to previous periods
• Analysis of imperial systems: European monarchy vs. land-based Asian empire
• Comparing coercive labor systems:  slavery, serfdom etc.
• Understanding the development of empire
• Compare Russia’s interaction with the West with that of one of the following: Ottoman, China, Tokugawa, Japan, Mughal India.

1750 - 1914

• Revolutionary Change!
• Enlightenment 18^th century (Locke “pre”-Enlightenment 1632-1704)
• French and Indian War 1756-1763
• American Revolution 1776-1783 (Treaty of Paris)
• Haitian Revolution (San Dominigue) 1791-1798 (independence declared after defeat of French invasion 1804)
• Seven Years War in Europe 1756-1783
• French Revolution 1789
• Reign of Terror 1793-1794
• Napoleon 1799 – 1815  (Napoleonic Wars 1804-1815)
• Revolutions of 1848
• Be able to compare the American, French and Haitian Revolutions
• Industrial Revolution
• 1750s-late 19^th century begins in England                 
• US Cotton industry expands 1820s
• First cotton mill in India 1854
• Be able to discuss economic and social effects as well as ideological responses.
• Russian industrialization by government decree
• Egypt under Muhammad Ali (1769-1849)  and Ismail
• Europe from 1850
• Increased urbanization
• 1867 Marx writes Das Kapital
• Rise of new technologies, electricity, shipping, telegraph 1800s
• Victorian Age 1850-1914
• Rise of nationalism in 19^th century
• Unification of Germany (Prussia and other states of central Europe) 1866-1871 (Franco-Prussian War 1870)
• Charles Darwin and Natural Selection 1859 – Social Darwinism
• Building of alliances 1904-1914
• Russia
• Catherine the Great (Enlightened Despot) 1762-1796
• Crimean War 1853
• End of Serfdom 1861
• Trans-Siberian railway 1903
• Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905
• Revolution of 1905
• Russia in WWI 1914
• Latin America
• Revolutions for independence in Spanish South America begin 1808-1809
• 19^th century in South America – caudillos, regional warfare, social change
• Be able to compare and contrast change in North America vs. South America
• Monroe Doctrine 1823
• Latin America – British influence through WWI (as purchaser of LA exports – becomes US after WWI)
• Panama Canal completed 1914

• The US
• US Constitution 1789
• Mexican Independence 1810-1821
• Caste War 1862
• French invade 1862-1867
• US Civil War and abolition (war ends 1865)
• US economic expansion in the last 19^th century
• US acquires Puerto Rico and the Philippines 1899 (Spanish American War), annex Hawaii in 1898

• India
• 18^th EIC becomes more dominant
• 1818 EIC creates Bombay Presidency
• Sepoy Rebellion 1857-1858 – leads to end of EIC rule and Mughal rule and establishment of direct British rule
• 1885 India National Congress
• Split of Bengal – demonstrations 1905
• All-India Muslim League formed 1906

• Africa
• 1795 Britain in Cape Colony
• Muhammad Ali and Ismail in Egypt starts 1805 (seized from Napoleon)
• Zulu kingdom 1818
• Suez Canal opened 1869
• Berlin Conference 1884 and the Scramble for Africa
• Cecil Rhodes and De Beers late 1800s
• South African War (Second Boer War) 1899-1902
• Ethiopians defeat Italians 1896
• Major change over time from previous period where European involvement was limited!
• Middle East
• Ottoman Empire attempts at reform 1789-1839
• Crimean War 1853
• First constitution by and Islamic government 1876
• Young Turks 1909
• Last Ottoman territory in Africa lost 1912

• China
• Qing Empire
• White Lotus Rebellion 1794-1804 followed by other internal conflicts
• Increase in opium trade with British by 1800 and Opium War 1839-1842
• End of the Canton system with Treaty of Nanking 1842
• Taiping Rebellion 1850-1864
• Arrow War (second Opium War) 1856-1860
• Reign of Tongzhi 1862-1875 and Tongzhi Restoration
• Decentralization of the Qing from 1860s onward – rule of Dowager Empress Cixi 1862-1908
• Sino Japanese War 1894
• Boxer Uprising 1900
• Sun Yat-sen overthrows Qing Dynasty – Republic 1911

• Japan
• Decentralized rule of Tokugawa since 1600
• Visit by Commodore Perry 1853 and 54
• Treaty of Kanagawa 1858
• Civil War 1867
• Meiji Restoration 1868
• Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905
• SE Asia
• British in Singapore 1824, and Burma 1885
• French conquer Indochina by 1895
• US in Philippines and annexation of Hawaii
• Enormous expansion of technologies, shipping, trade and finance 19^th and early 20^th centuries
• Population growth and migrations

• Some key concepts:
• Continuities and changes from previous period and within the period
• Changes in global commerce, communications and technology
• Changes in patterns of world trade
• Industrial Revolution (effects on and different timing in different societies, relation of industrial and scientific developments)
• Demographic and environmental changes (migrations, end of slave trade, new birthrate patterns, food supply)
• Changes in social and gender structure (Industrial Revolution: commercial and demographic change, tensions between work patterns and ideas about gender)
• Political revolutions and independence movements – new political ideas
• Latin American independence
• Revolutions (Haiti, US, France, Mexico, China)
• Rise of nationalism, nation-states, and movements of political reform)
• Overlaps between nations and empires
• Rise of democracy and its limitations:  reform, women, racism
• Rise of Western dominance (economic, political, social, cultural and artistic).  Patterns of expansion, imperialism and colonialism and different cultural reactions (reform, racism, rebellion, resistance, nationalism)
• Patterns of cultural and artistic interactions among societies in different parts of the world (African and Asian influence on European art, cultural policies of Meiji Japan)
• Debates over modernization theory as a way to interpret events of this time period and the next
• Debate over cause and effect of serf and slave emancipation in this period
• Debate over nature of women’s roles and how they apply in industrialized and colonial societies. 
• Comparison of early phases of industrialization in Europe and Japan
• Compare Haitian and French Revolutions
• Compare reaction to foreign domination in Ottoman Empire, China, India, and Japan
• Compare nationalism ex China and Japan, Cuba and Philippines, Egypt and Nigeria
• Compare forms of Western intervention in Latin America and Africa
• Compare roles and conditions of women in the upper/middle classes with peasantry/working class in western Europe

1914 - Present

• Europe
• WWI begins 1914 and ends 1918 (US enters 1917)
• Treaty of Versailles 1919
• Depression reaches Europe 1931
• Hitler rises to power 1933 and begins expansion 1936
• Invasion of Poland by Germany 1939 and WWII begins
• D Day (Normandy) 1944
• Germany surrenders 1945
• Cold War in Europe – NATO (1949) and Warsaw Pact (1955)
• Marshall Plan 1952
• European Community starts 1957
• Berlin Airlift 1948-1949
• Helsinki Accords 1975
• Berlin Wall Falls 1989, Germany reunified 1990
• Communism ends in eastern Europe 1989-1991
• Disintegration of Yugoslavia 1992 and Bosnian crisis 1992-1995
• Kosovo crisis 1999
• Soviet Union/Russia
• Russian Revolution 1917 – Russia leaves WWI
• Civil War 1918-1921
• New Economic Policy (Lenin) 1921
• Stalin gains control 1925
• Five Year Plans 1928
• Red Army fights and pushes back Germany in WWII 1941 – 1944
• Troops sent to Afghanistan 1978
• Gorbachev becomes head of state 1985 (and begins movements toward reform)
• 1989 withdraw from Afghanistan
• US
• Major supplier of goods and services to WWI – economic expansion
• Enters and fights in WWI 1917
• Proposal of League of Nations 1919
• Great Depression hits 1929
•  
• Latin America
• US increasingly imposes authority over the region (Panama, Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, Honduras, etc.)
• Porfirio Diaz in Mexico 1876-1910
• Mexican Revolution 1911-1919 (New Constitution 1917)
• Mexican PRI founded 1928
• Cardenas in Mexico 1934-1940
• Vargas dictator of Brazil 1930-1945
• Peron in Argentina 1943, 1946
• CIA intervention in Guatemala 1954
• Fidel Castro’s revolution in Cuba 1959
• Cuban missile crisis 1962
• Military governments take over
• Brazil 1964
• Argentina 1976
• Chile 1973
• Democracy restored between 1983-1990
• Sandinistas take over Nicaragua 1979  - defeated in elections in 1990
• US invades Panama 1989
• Middle East and SW Asia
• Balfour Declaration 1917
• Nation of Israel 1948
• War between Turkey and Greece 1919-1922
• Mustafa Kemal and modern Turkey as a republic
• Islamic Revolution overthrows shah of Iran 1979
• Iran-Iraq War 1980-1988
• Soviet Troops sent to Afghanistan
• Iraq invades Kuwait 1990 followed by Persian Gulf War 1991
• China
• Japan’s Twenty One Demands 1915
• May 4^th Movement 1919
• Guomindang (Kuomintang – KMT) expel Communists from Shanghai 1927
• Mao’s Long March 1934-1935
• Japanese invade and take Nanjing 1937-1938
• 1937 Chiang Kai-shek flees the Japanese
• Civil War in China after Japanese leave 1945-1949
• Communists defeat Guomindang and Mao proclaims People’s Republic of China 1949
• Mao’s Cultural Revolution 1966
• China’s economy is opened 1978
• Tiananmen Square confrontation
• Japan
• Occupation of Manchuria 1931
• (see above on occupation of China)
• WWII (Pacific) Pearl Harbor 1941 - US drops atomic bomb and Japanese surrender 1945
• Other East Asia
• Korean War 1950-1953
• French out of Vietnam 1954
• Vietnam war US involvement begins during Kennedy administration and ends 1975
• Asian financial crisis 1997
• Africa
• 1900s – Railroads connect the interior
• African National Congress 1909
• Role of North Africa in WWII
• Independence
• Ghana 1957
• Algeria 1962
• Nigeria 1960
• Apartheid ends 1990, Nelson Mandela gets Nobel Peace Prize in 1993
• Terrorist bombings in Kenya and Tanzania 1998
• India
• Independence movement 1905-1947
• Amritsar Massacre 1919
• Gandhi’s march to the sea 1929
• India in WWII 1939
• Demands for nationhood 1940s
• Partition and independence of India and Pakistan 1947
• Bangladesh splits from Pakistan 1971
• India and Pakistan test atomic bombs 1998
• World Organizations
• United Nations
• World Bank
• Research on agriculture – Green Revolution 1960s
• OPEC
• World Trade Organization and GATT
• NGOs – nongovernmental organizations (Doctors Without Borders)
• Human Rights organizations

• Some Major Concepts:
• Continuities and changes from the previous period and within the period
• The World Wars, Holocaust, and Cold War, nuclear weaponry, international organizations, and their impact on the global framework (globalization of diplomacy and conflict, global balance of power, reduction of European influence, League of Nations and UN, Non-Aligned Nations)
• New patterns of nationalism (fascism, decolonization, racism, genocide, breakup of USSR)
• Impact of major global economic developments (Great Depression, technology, Pacific Rim, multinational corporations)
• New forces of revolution and other sources of political innovations
• Social reform and social revolution (changing gender roles, family structures, rise of feminism, peasant protest, international Marxism, religious fundamentalism)
• Globalization of science, technology and culture
• Developments of global cultures and regional reactions, including science and consumer culture
• Interactions between elite and popular culture and art
• Patterns of resistance including religious responses
• Demographic and environmental changes (migrations, changes in birth and death rates, new forms of urbanization, deforestation, environmental movements)
• Question of whether cultural convergence or diversity is the best model for understanding intercultural contact in the 20^th century
• Question of the advantages and disadvantages of using different units of analysis in the 20^th century such as: nation, world, the West, and the developing world
• Compare patterns and results of decolonization in Africa and India
• Pick two revolutions (Russian, Chinese, Cuban, Iranian) and compare their effects on the roles of women
• Compare the effects of the World Wars on areas outside Europe
• Compare legacies of colonialism and patterns of economic development in two of three areas (Africa, Asia, and Latin America)
• Analyze the notion of “the West” and “the East” in the context of Cold War ideology
• Compare nationalist ideologies and movements in contrasting European and colonial environments
• Compare different types of independence struggles